Monogamy in Light of Equality: A Theological Essay on Quranic Interpretation

by Dr. Yasemin Saib

The discourse surrounding the permissibility and practice of polygamy within Islamic law has been a subject of extensive debate among scholars, laymen, and critics alike. Central to this discussion is the interpretation of Quranic verses that address the issue of marriage and righteousness in the context of both monogamy and polygamy. While the popular understanding leans towards the acceptance of polygamy under specified conditions, a profound analysis reveals an alternative perspective rooted in the principles of justice, equality, and the inherent limitations of human nature. This essay explores the Quranic framework to argue that, given the divine injunctions on fairness and the human incapacity to achieve perfect equality, the essence of Islamic teaching may innately advocate for monogamy.

The Quranic verse often cited in discussions of polygamy is Surah An-Nisa (4:3), which permits a man to marry up to four women, given that he can deal justly with them. However, it’s crucial to notice the conditional clause that forms the basis of this allowance. The verse culminates in a rhetorical question, emphasizing the challenge, if not impossibility, of achieving absolute equality among spouses: “But if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one” (Quran 4:3). This divine caveat is not merely regulatory but fundamentally reflective of an understanding of human nature.

Islamic teachings place immense importance on justice and fairness, considering them as core characteristics that every Muslim should embody in all aspects of life. The Quran, in several verses, underscores the importance of justice and the devastating consequences of inequity and injustice. When it comes to the matter of polygamous relationships, the requirement for justice is elevated to a degree that necessitates absolute equality in treatment among spouses—an ideal that the Quran suggests is nearly unattainable for humans due to their inherent nature.

Ibn Kathir, a renowned classical Quranic commentator, explains that the stipulation of equal treatment encompasses affection, financial expenditure, and time spent with each wife, among other aspects. The rhetorical nature of the Quranic guidance on this issue serves as a divine acknowledgement of the intrinsic human propensity towards bias and partiality, no matter how unintentional it may be. By framing the permissibility of polygamy within such a stringent condition, the Quran subtly directs believers towards monogamy as the default and preferred state, due to the complexity and difficulty in upholding justice in a polygamous arrangement.

Moreover, the Prophetic tradition (Sunnah), which complements and explains the Quran, includes numerous examples and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) that emphasize fairness, compassion, and kindness in family relationships. His own life serves as a testament to these values, particularly in the context of his marriages, which were largely aimed at forging alliances and providing protection to widows and the vulnerable.

In conclusion, while the legalistic framing of Quranic injunctions provides for the possibility of polygamy, a deeper theological and ethical exploration into the principles of justice and equality presents a compelling argument for monogamy as the paradigm most in harmony with the spirit of Islamic teachings. The Quranic discourse on marriage, when viewed through the lens of absolute justice and human limitations, suggests that the divine preference leans towards one of equitability and monogamy, honoring the essence of fairness and the inherent dignity of each individual. This perspective not only enriches the ongoing dialogue on marital practices within Islam but also reinforces the religion’s foundational principles of compassion, justice, and equity.